Gender Inequalities And Gender Inequality - 922 Words

Gender Inequalities in Education Judge Sonia Sotomayor states, â€Å"Until we get equality in education, we won t have an equal society. That quote resonates throughout the world because of gender inequality in education. Researchers believe gender inequality still exists in the 21st century. Through research, controversial opinions exist about inequality in schools and what has been done to address this situation. What is gender equality? Gender inequality refers to disproportionate dealing or assessments of individuals based on their gender. Schools, culture, and society are affected by gender inequality. Therefore, one must look at these entities to find the cause and perhaps the solution to a growing problem. Researchers (Legewie 2012) have accused schools of perpetuating gender inequalities. Moreover, schools have affected gender differences because today s classrooms suit girls instead of boys by the classroom structure. Gender inequality is having harmful consequences for children. For instance, boys are having a difficult time remaining on task with literacy instruction, constantly in trouble with their teacher and has a greater chance of being expelled because of undesirable behavior. In the primary grades the literacy practices in the early years and that as a result, boys are victimized, and constructions of literacy are disregarded. Furthermore, more female than masculine teachers. Boys do not have an active male role model while at school and they areShow MoreRelatedGender Equality And Gender Inequality979 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the past few decades, the gender inequality discourse have became a dominant feature of international, national and local policy debate on the subject of economic development. This policy concern has emerged as an area of scholarly research which seeks to show that improving gender equity leads to economic growth. Gender Inequality in Australia: According to the data published by Australian Bureau of Statistics in May 2015, the full time average earnings of women is $284.20 or 17.9%Read MoreGender Inequality Within The World1088 Words   |  5 PagesToday most children in the United States attend classes where gender equality exists. Students have classes in which both boys and girls are treated equally and are friends with one another and that is all that they have ever known. However, this is not always the case in every country. As of 2015, 53% of the children who are not attending school throughout the world are female (11 Facts About...). Gender inequality is an important issue that needs to be focused on and fixed throughout the worldRead MoreEffect of Gender Inequality on Economic Status1324 Words   |  5 Pagesand their empowerment has always been one of controversy. Even though the United States and many other countries have made great strides in gender equality, men and women are still not equal. Although this p roblem is beginning to disappear in many countries, it was once much more significant. The United States, a country with one of the world’s smallest gender gaps, used to be one of its worst offenders. Prior to World War 2, women were rarely seen in the workforce with minor exceptions. As a resultRead MoreThe Correlation between Poverty and Gender Inequality1211 Words   |  5 Pages Topic: Poverty and Inequality Key Question: To what extent do poverty and gender inequality affect each other? INTRODUCTION: Gender equality, women’s empowerment and good standard of living (financial stability) are important in their own rights. Today gender inequality is not only a cause of women’s poverty but also a barrier to tackling general poverty.Gender inequality impacts on whether women can benefit from development. Unequal distributionRead MoreGender Inequality : Women s Empowerment2907 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION Gender determines the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a society deems appropriate based on one’s gender identification. Being a man or woman shapes one’s roles in society, whether in the labor market or among a family. These roles are dynamic and vary by society. Gender inequality can exist when gender roles support established injustices between men and women. Women are more susceptible to and are disproportionately affected by such inequalities (1). ToRead MoreEssay Changing Perspective on Gender Inequalities in Schools678 Words   |  3 PagesChanging Perspective on Gender Inequalities in Schools Gender equality is a broad topic with many different angles that can be examined. For my part in this project I chose to research the changing perspective on gender inequalities in schools. I wanted to find out what people really felt about the fairness of their education, and whether they really felt they had been shortchanged in the learning process because of their sex. My results were generally what I had expected to find, thoughRead MoreAnalysis of Relationship Between Modes of Production and Gender Inequality1320 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Relationship Between Modes of Production and Gender Inequality Amongst societies, there is a great variety of means of survival, all of which are dependent upon factors influencing the community—geographical location and structure of authority, to name a few. Such factors and the community’s ways of survival create the underlying basis of other complex issues, including the relationship between the sexes. Many anthropological papers that concentrate on the modes of production of specificRead MoreGender Inequality : An Ordinal Hierarchy Between Men And Women2498 Words   |  10 PagesGender equality has always been a prominent and complex subject in society, ‘a hotly contested concept [as] the precise meaning remains subject to continuous change and, as a result, to political struggle’, (Ridgeway, 2011: Preface). Ridgeway (2011: 3) defines gender inequality as ‘an ordinal hierarchy between men and women in material resources, power, and status’. Despite the considerable progress that has been made over the past decades, ‘a pattern of gender hierarchy has remained in which menRead MoreTackling Gender Inequality Raising Pupil Achievement By Christine Forde1426 Words   |  6 PagesIn a society that claims to strive for gender-equality, would it be possible to apply measures in order to put to an end the mutual exclusion created by both genders from a young age? In her book Tackling Gender Inequality Raising Pupil Achievement, Christine Forde analyzes and critiques the policy and strategies implemented to tackle gender inequality. Forde’s work is still relevant to today’s society as it deals with issues such as the ‘underachievement’ of boys making it a perfect text to studyRead MoreGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality in the Corporate World How do you feel about women holding higher positions within corporations? In today’s society, there are several inequalities between women and men. These inequalities between women and men have been around since the beginning of time and will always be a factor. Gender inequality can be seen in many different ways across our society today. One major area that this inequality can be seen is in the workforce. There are many women who have jobs in today’s

Essay on Old Man And The Sea - 683 Words

Old Man and The Sea quot;The great DiMaggio is himself again!quot;(21), in Ernest Hemingways novel, The Old Man and the Sea, which takes place near Havana, Cuba in the Caribbean Sea, a very old, unlucky, fisherman sets out for the big catch. The great DiMaggio is seamed throughout the novel to symbolize the old man and his struggle to catch the big fish, yet also he poses as a role model for Santiago (the old man). The old man is using the great DiMaggio for a role model. At a certain point in the struggle to catch this great fish, the old man begins to cramp up in his left hand, do to the fish pulling so strenuously on the line. Where as the great DiMaggio (during this time) is struggling with a bone spurn his ankle, yet still†¦show more content†¦When thinking of the great DiMaggio, the old man remembers to give himself more confidence, and in doing so thinks back to his younger years when he was referred to as the champion because of an arm wrestling match. This gave the old man more strength and will to push on and fight the fish until he wins. Also this image of DiMaggio reminds him he must be very strategical, and do everything right, despite any cramps in his hand. There is hard evidence that shows that DiMaggio symbolizes the old man. Previously Joe DiMaggio had been struggling in his profession of baseball, due to a bone spur in his heel. The whole team struggled because DiMaggio was the main hope to the Yankees team. Now in the case of the old man, who had previously struggled to catch a fish because of his newly developed unluckiness, struggles in his life because he has not caught a fish and in turn, has no money to buy the necessities for life. Well as soon as DiMaggio picked up his game and started to play at a whole new level, the old man hooked into a great big marlin, and started a fight that would change his life. Not to mention the fact that DiMaggio played outstanding even though he suffered from a bone spur in his heel. As did the old man out struggle and out think the fish even though he suffered from a temporary cramp in his left hand. All of this shows how DiMaggio quot;isquot; the old man quot;The great DiMaggio is himself againquot;(21). In conclusion to Hemingways novel, The OldShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea1561 Words   |  7 Pages The Old Man and The Sea is more than a book about a fish and an old man, it teaches us strength and never giving up on ourselves. The Old Man and The Sea is written by Ernest Hemingway about Santiago, The Old Man. Hemingway is a writer known for his iceberg themes in his novels, where ten percent of its message is what you read and the ninety percent is hidden. That ninety percent is up to interpretation. My interpretation is Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea he expressesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe sea in a way is like a living being. The way it rhythmically carries itself, showing all of its majestic beauty. The sea has such power, each wave coordinately smashing against whatever stands in its way. Sea erosion, most commonly known as coastal erosion, is the slow process of wave action constantly shaping and reshaping the coastlines of our world. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrays nature as a continuum-an endless progression of the invention and destruction which is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a short, but rich novel about an old fisherman who, after eighty-four unsuccessful days in a row, hooks the largest fish of his life. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951, and published in 1952, the novel was the last of Hemingway’s novels to be published during his lifetime. The book was praised by critics, and became an immediate success. The story was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a factor in Hemingway winning a Nobel Prize. The story was publishedRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesearly to mid 20th century. Known mainly for his success in writing the critically acclaimed novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway had many symbolic meanings inst ituted throughout this novel and many other works. Many having the theme of a hero confronting a natural force, as seen when Santiago confronts the mighty sea. Along with the heroic themes, Hemingway had become a religious Catholic man growing up and decided to include many religious references and biblical allusions. Since the beginningRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1412 Words   |  6 Pagesboth having completely different writing styles and ideas, seem to have an underlying similarity in how they view leadership and heroism. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemmingway and Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh both show internal battles and undeniable fate within characters throughout each novel. In The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway uses Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, to represent internal transformation, renewed life, triumph, and defeat. Ghosh also represents similar struggles throughRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the plot of the novel, The Old Man and the Sea and the motion picture, Life of Pi. In the novel, the old fisherman, Santiago spends a few days out at sea attempting to capture the fish of his dreams. He battles through pain, thirst and hunger in order to bring the Marlin to the shore. However, whi le losing his prey, he gains a priceless experience combined with pride, respect and compassion. On the other hand, the main character in the movie survives at sea for 227 days with a wild animal,Read MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1121 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on the author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway providesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1395 Words   |  6 PagesBoth The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London both explore the literary conflict of man verses nature. Both main characters sha re many similarities; however, they also have various differences that set them apart as well. In The Old Man and the Sea the story is about Santiago, an old fisherman who sets out one day and catches the fish of a lifetime. Santiago then spends multiple days fighting the fish in the middle of the ocean. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is about aRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea993 Words   |  4 Pages one Earnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, is a captivating story about and old seasoned fisherman named Santiago. It is a tale of his epic struggle with the greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for eighty-four days. He face psychological challenges and encounters multiple villains. Santiago is fishing with a young boy named Manolin and the boy leaves the old man to go on another boat. Hemingway explains to us why they boy had to leave the boat. â€Å"But after forty

Intercultural Communication Individuals and Groups

Question: Discuss about the Intercultural Communication for Individuals and Groups. Answer: Introduction Intercultural communication is considered as the communication between individuals and groups, which belong to different cultures and traditions. The article, Citizenship, Language, and Superdiversity: Towards Complexity by Jan Blommaert is focusing on the understanding of the superdiversity among the citizenship. The author has presented the major focus on the diversified cultural citizenship (Blommaert 2013). It is noted that the fundamental changes brought to the notions have led towards the diversifications. The major feature of the article is integration in a particular segment. Simultaneously, the article defines the absence of integration in other segments. The complexity associated with such citizenship is categorised by the poly-centricity. Overall, it can be stated that the article promotes the complexity faced due to the cultural diversity. Key understanding of the Author In this article, the author has presented several key ideas. It is noted that the understanding of the basic concept of social science is necessary. For instance, it is required to pay attention on the identity, community, and citizenship. Due to the fundamental changes, the transition from diversity to superdiversity has become much prominent. The superdiversity is foreseen when the diversification takes place in the migrating pattern. When people are moving from one place to another; the occurrence of the social and cultural diversity takes place. Moreover, the global trend of using internet and other mobile communication process is also connecting the people worldwide. Such new forms of migration have emerged the network society (Blommaert 2013). Hence, the author has derived the idea about the changes in the social-linguistic values, which have reshaped the social life in the world. Another idea is reflecting though the article and that is the development of the human communicati onal process. Hence, the article is reflecting the conceptual idea about the increasing complexity in the human communications and citizenship. The author has described that due to the globalisation, the changes in the social, linguistic, and cultural diversity have become much prominent. Due to the migration, people received the opportunity to communicate with the other people of different cultures. The collaboration of the different traditional approaches is also influencing the diversity among the migrants. This super-diversity is categorised not only by religion, ethnicity, and language, it even classified by the motives and patterns as well. The author even portrayed the importance of linguistic value. While migrating to another place of different cultures, it is required to understand the method of communicating with the people. The standard language is necessary to maintain the proper communication. Such communicational changes have brought the significant changes in the cultural dimensions. Main Points mentioned in the article The article describes the emergence of the cultural diversity by considering the complex process of the human communication and citizenship. In this current world, the globalisation has the significant impact on the social life. The people in the society are much influenced by the use of internet. With the help of internet, people can get in touch with other people from diversified countries. Moreover, the migration of the people from one country to another facilitates the collaboration of the diversified cultural traits. The association of the diversified people is thus creating the cultural diversity, which is creating the significant impact on the current world (Blommaert 2013). The article is also highlighting that the increasing level of the complexity in the citizenship is influencing citizenship and dis-citizenship. When one integration is used for a particular segment; other integrations are affecting the social life. Hence, the superdiversity is visible in such changing scen ario of the social life. After the discussion of superdiversity and citizenship, the study further moves towards several methodological developments. It is stated that learning the proper language is necessary in order to establish the intercultural communication. In this article, the author has referred language as denaturalised. It is interpreted that with the help of the linguistic value, the inequality and innovations are placed together. In fact, the association of ethnography and linguistic is facilitating a complete different ideology. Supportive Evidences The article is even reflecting some of the supportive description related to the diversity and citizenship. It is mentioned in the article that the growing awareness of the globalisation is promoting the diversified scenario in a very prominent manner. The study is even presenting the evidence of the increasing complexity in the citizenship process. It is noted that migrating from one country to another is introducing people with diversified cultures. Moreover, the internet is also connecting people who are in different horizon. Hence, it is important to set a standard linguistic value that will be helpful enough in communicating with other people. The evidence is also highlighting that the migrants have to face different types of the social environment. These environments include the dominant cultures and subcultures. This cultural diversity includes several resource niches, which are associated with both the host societies and the home cultures. The article has specified that learning a language is a never ending process. The immigrants are constantly trying to acquire different types of the standard languages. This standardisation of the language variations are considered as the unique instrument for integration. The article has even provided another evidence of the absurd nature of the socio-linguistic value, which demands the actual fact obtained from the ideologies of the immigrants. However, these diversified evidence-based suggestions have made the study more argumentative in terms of describing the linking between diversity and citizenship. Further Understanding Intercultural Communication The author has presented the in-depth idea about the importance of intercultural communication. The author has pointed out that it is necessary to establish the standardised linguistic value to communicate with the people who belong to different cultures. In referring such importance, other articles included in week 1 to 4 are also suggesting the similar sequences. The article, Intercultural Communication: A discourse approach by R. Scollon, S. Scollon, and R.H. Jones is also describing the communication between Ho Man and Steven. Ho Man is from China whereas Steven is from America and they communicated with each other in the standard language (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). The similarity in their mentality has made their conversation frequent and understandable. The only difference seen is they belong to the different religion. It is noted that the difference in the sexuality and the languages did not make any differences in their conversation. This example is indicating the int ercultural communication between the people who belong to different cultures. This article can be connected to the previous article, as both highlighting the importance of the different linguistic values. It sometimes seems to be difficult to adjust with the people who are from different cultural background. However, the immigrants are thus trying to acquire the different languages in order to communicate with the people. Conclusion The review of the article is mainly focusing on the intercultural communication maintained among the immigrants of different countries. The supported evidence is highlighting the cultural diversity, which is much influenced by the current globalised scenario. Hence, the growing awareness of the globalisation is bringing the fundamental changes in the communicational process. The author has even identified the growing complexity in the diversified citizenship. It is the natural sequence that the globalised world has been facing. Another major concern reflected in this article is the importance of the linguistic values. The immigrants need to acquire the standardised language for communicating with people who belong to diversified cultures. English is thus considered as the international language, which is mostly used by the diversified people in the world. The use of the intercultural communication is creating the significant impact on the people from different cultural background. References Blommaert, J., 2013. Citizenship, Language, and Superdiversity: Towards Complexity. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, pp.193196. Scollon, R., Scollon, S. and Jones, R., 2011. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach (3rd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell, pp.1-24.

The Female Leaders Obstacles to Gain Leadership positions in Universities

Introduction There are significantly new challenges that are now facing many universities all over the world and some are very fascinating as they present unique opportunities in the remarkably competitive global context.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Female Leaders’ Obstacles to Gain Leadership positions in Universities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is however persistent under-representation of women at the top management level of many universities, though recently, this has been receiving renewed attention having realized that there is no way the counties and institution of higher education could continue overlooking the management abilities and potential leadership. This representation at top management has to be equally for both men and women. The paper will also give information that is necessary for handling some of the factors that could have otherwise stop the contribution o f talented people. Problem Statement Women face greater challenges when they are seeking to gain leadership positions within the hierarchy of management in higher education. There is enough evidence to support this statement. Women are often seen as minorities and are in most cases underrepresented in management roles. Despite the obstacles, women still pursue leadership opportunities in universities. The Impact This paper addresses the obstacles that female leaders must go through in their pursuit to gain leadership positions in higher. Though correlation between the leadership skill and those that organization need for their success need to undergo challenges of the emerging globalization process has not today been translated into advantageous use either for universities or for social benefit. Women are disgustingly under-represented and this has impacted negatively on the way management of universities has been handled in the past. Research in the past has shown that men outnumbe r women by about five times in middle management positions. In terms of administration posts, a study by ACU shows that women have a greater possibility of succeeding as registrars, head of human resources than when put in posts like vice chancellor or even deans of university schools.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Aims To undertake a study of women leadership styles in women concentrating on leadership theories, equal representation and obstacles of women strife to attain management positions. Address the women attitudes towards matters of leadership Offer an example for practical means that are set to train women in leadership formulate commendation for engendering and also set means of supporting more women to take up responsibilities in management positions Hypothesis The immediate problem that face women especially in leadership in higher learning is not so much that there is no attributes that are required by challenges that face institutions, nor that the organizations are less-equipped to react to the challenges, but rather that the style or input of leadership and further potential are still uncared for, under-acknowledged and inadequately integrated into the designs management of the universities. Research Questions Do you think female leaders can perform better in higher education management? What aspects of women character do you think develop leadership skills? Does university management encourage development of women’s leadership? What types of support are critical in higher education workplace to assist women in developing their management/leadership opportunities and skills? Are there differences in the efficiency and style of leadership between men and women? What obstacles challenge women’s efforts to obtain management position in university leadership? What measures are there to enhance the recognition of w omen interests? Significance of Study In leadership, gender matters a great deal. It is actually true that there is some difference between female leaders and male leaders? In light of this, there is need to explore the unique qualities necessary for female leaders to be regarded as effective leaders. This paper identifies the unique characteristics that women posses to make effective as men or even more. Annotated Bibliography Ramsay, E. (2001). ‘Women and Leadership in Higher Education: Facing International Challenges and Maximizing Opportunities’, ACU Bulletin, This paper talks about the ability of women in leading universities. Whereas this could be very tricky to tell whether women have been working hard enough to work through to the management class in Australian universities. The proportions of female leaders in senior posts in the academic and general administrative positions are gradually but bit by bit increasing. More considerably, the visibility of the fema le leaders in universities of Australia and their impact in terms of their public policy say have increased more speedily than their real figures as a consequence of these plans. The concerns for gender equality is highlighted o be critical in two respects. This will ensure that the government policies concerning leadership are fair. Priorities and directions of the higher education sector are enhanced by the experiences of the top management women in this sector. Additionally this formal, efficient and public voice makes sure that the female leaders in the universities cannot be ever overlooked as individual or as groups, realizing audibility, integrity for the women across the industry. This factor also standardizes the existence of women as senior and important players, lively in creating and manipulating the policy directions of the Australian University.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Female Leaders’ Obstacles to Gain Leadership posit ions in Universities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Australian government has seen the development of the policy and emphasis has been made on the development of specific skills and attributes that are required by the ever-changing international context. Thus whereas every step has demonstrably established situations, procedures and proposals which have increased the possibility of women advancing to senior positions, they have at the same time provided them with capacities that these institutions need in order to be Kulati, T. (2003). From Protest To Challenge: Leadership And Higher Education Change In South Africa, Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 13 – 27 This paper investigates the budding and different moves towards female leadership and more equity in higher education particularly how the new approaches are shaping organizational transformation strategies in the higher education colleges in the r epublic of South Africa. The study of these issues hinges upon the adoption of novel policies in the management of higher education, in addition to the ensuing challenges to the education sector, thanks to globalisation. White, K. (2003). Women And Leadership In Higher Education In Australia, Tertiary Education And Management, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 45 – 60 In this paper, White notes that leaders in Australian universities especially the heads of departments and deans of schools usually get very little management training and are allocated leadership responsibilities.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When addressing issues of under-representation of women in the university management hierarchies, White says that women express very little human capital compared to their men counterparts as rated in terms of formal academic qualifications and job experience. Middle managers are the central dogma of the study because there has been so much research on women at topmost level in universities but there has been very little on the middle managers who are aspiring to be top managers in future. Several studies have investigated women and equal representation principle at higher level in the positions of management in universities. Is specific study of universities Australia, White has assessed gender equity change in most universities, and all-encompassing climate and culture was designed from exceedingly conventional, male-centric job setting. The culture makes practical, varied changes like modification of the promotion system to acknowledge training and executing a convenient leadersh ip program for women that shore up promotion aspirations. The writer also explains very good examples that cite the way women have been advancing in leadership. It seems that there has not been so much study in Australia concerning the overall development of female managers in the middle management in the academics sector. This recognizes human capital standpoint to present knowledge; those official and unofficial development opportunities that offer women the qualifications, experience, skills and tacit understanding and the connections to make on more senior duties. Bond, S. (2000). ‘Culture and Feminine Leadership’, in Women, Power and the Academy, ed. M. Kearney, UNESCO and Berghahn Books, New York, pp. 79 – 85. This piece of work provides an opportunity for people to improve the situation on the ground as they embrace feminine leadership. In order to build a strong management team that displays equal representation in terms of gender, it’s important t hat the leadership skill and capabilities be tapped from all potential leaders as these are critical to the success of universities and perhaps even only way to ensure survival. Such interests are the ones that instigated additional investigation into management at higher education level, particularly those related to the representation of women minority. It has been found that women leaders are persuasive or assertive in their leadership styles. They also have stronger desire to get things moving and take risks. Women are also flexible and empathetic and have better interpersonal skills than men. This is very critical for reading situations more accurately and they also can integrate information from different sources. Hilary, W et al. (2006). â€Å"Academic women’s promotions in Australian universities†, Employee Relations, Vol. 28 Issue: 6, pp. 505 – 522 The purpose of this paper was to study the premise that under-representation of female leaders in Australi an higher learning sector reflects the obstacles in the academic process of promotion. The paper used three complementary models. Documents from the Australia University are used as a basis for assessing strategies and policies. There were 17 universities used as a sample for the interviews with the main gatekeepers to investigate the way promotions are done. Information promotions by level and sex orientation were examined for these universities. The findings of the paper shows that analysis of the policies set in practise are varied. The interviews underline the significance of support for and identification of women aspirants and the need for the organization of institution-wide and performance objectives for higher-ranking managers. Implicitly, many interviewees agreed the assumption that women faced barriers in the promotion strategy, including discretion in making application and stereotypically gendered ideas of merit. Nonetheless, the assessment of promotions information rev ealed a more encouraging picture. Application rates and achievement rates for the female leaders are the same as those of male leaders and at the professional level, a little higher. Nevertheless women remain under represented in senior positions as only a professoriate 16%. Practical implications drawn from this paper are that the vice chancellors’ committee will have a number of recommendations that will assist improvement strategies in the university policies. Ramsay, E. (2000). ‘Gender Employment Equity for Women in Australian Universities: Recent Research and Current Strategies’, In Second European Conference on Gender Equality in Higher Education, Zurich, pp. 1 – 17. Workforce is becoming more diverse as the world advances to global integration and in terms of demographic changes, women are getting more recognition. The cultural differences like race and sex and characteristics that describe member’s personality. This diversity is reflecting t he changing international market. The diversity of workforce is can either be negative or positive impact on the way organizations perform. Therefore it’s very important that a better medium and bigger business should embrace diversity. For the businesses to be able to manage the increasingly challenging workforce in the universities of Australia and to be able to stop discrimination there is need for strict policy on management is now regarded as a main element of tactical human resource management the purpose of this paper was to help the policy makers in establishing various aspects that discrimination occurs. This gender difference in Australian university is worth addressing since equality is a global concern and it helps in tapping the potential that women have as leaders. Managerial policy, character, the social and cultural organization and the laws governing work factors like educational qualification gender, community norms and workplace opinions have impacted on di scrimination greatly. According this paper, gender discrimination in Australia universities is evident in job processes like appointments and promotion to management. The Human resource is accused of being biased when it comes to job examinations, selection of candidates, interviews and appraisal of good performance. Failing to recognize and appreciate gender differences can result in sex prejudice, underperformance and deprived work relations. Jones, D.S. (2005). Leadership in Higher education: Influences on Perception of Black Women, Unpublished The African women are underrepresented in many leadership positions in America. Although several articles of research address leadership at workplaces, very few have specifically addressed the fate of black women in universities. The pathways that lead to management of administration are highlighted. For many academicians, management of higher education is an addendum and not an ambition, since assumption of these positions would be viewed as changing careers, whereas others view the higher education as a job of those with excellent intellectual skills hence believing that university faculties should take part in the administration of a university. This concept is founded on the idea that administrators should be drawn for the positions of faculty. In spite of the view one holds on this issue, there is one clear thing from this assessment. Effort is needed to advance towards a balanced representation black men and women in American universities at administrative level. The paper reports that women have made great progress in going further than the entry level position but are still not equally represented as men are. Men are possibly presenting fear of feminist ideas in management positions. When black women are appointed in the top leadership positions, would be a challenge to the normative connotation for executive leaders as white males. As a consequence, black women have been neglected from leadership posts and t hey have gained undervalued posts, esteem and eventually quality within higher education. About one out of ten professors is a woman in most parts of America and in the academic sector when the institution is more prestigious, fewer women will be professors and in management. Women have been forced to adapt to leadership by men and even though women are being incorporated, the model is designed according to male model. Jacobs, D Witt, J. (2006). An Indigenous Perspective on Women Leadership: An Example for Higher Education, Advancing Women in Leadership Online Journal, Vol. 21. For several years, many indigenous populations have been made to understand that the critical role of women in building and sustaining healthy communities and egalitarian relations is implicit. Women have hence carried the same values to other generations. They adapt to new regimes and continue renewing societies and their traditions at the tribal level. Unfortunately, women have been ignored even when they make bigger contribution to social and historical growth of a community. There are eight styles of leaderships that are discussed as being used by indigenous women to demonstrate that female leadership is similar to those applied in higher education though they have not attained all of their goals. Women understand that community issues are more significant that isolated individuals when trying to decide on interpersonal disagreements. This type of notion could be the explanation of why many indigenous cultures were matrilineal and actually the true authority was vested in women. This could be why men in European setting were so determined to change things by use of pen and paper. Women however used authority in a manner that would give fair judgment to men and women and even to non-humans. Even to date, women activists across the world have engaged in most critical issues of all time. Portraying political influence with dignity and modesty is said to be demonstrated by the presiden t of the Fielding University called Kuipers Judith among others. In early ages, the Europeans did not comprehend the major differences between their sex-duty stereotyping. In the first nation gendering of responsibilities, they in most cases called the councilmen wearing skirts with words that were offensive sexually. However, homosexuality was respected and there was not confusion of roles in society despite the orientation. In the Fielding ELC, it’s common to see gay and lesbian students address their issues outside their closet to deans. They bring their loved ones to graduation parties and talk about topics of sex comfortably. Traditional cultures have supported transformative kind of leadership rather than a model that is retributive. Through her, the Great Law about peace was created and ultimate solutions were set for challenging problems. Northouse, P.G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications Transactional theory: This paper addr essed various leadership styles that employed at workplaces including universities. For the transactional leadership model, employees usually seek that factor that would cause immediate reward or motivation for their work. Otherwise, this can be explained as the transaction that goes on between the manager and the workers to meet their needs. Employees are promised a negotiated reward for the tasks that they would perform. The motivation is that reward. Women leaders are not transactional leaders. They concentrate on the needs of employees and even get involved in their personal development. However transactional leadership does not take care of the works personal ambitions and their need are not individualized. Path-Goal theory: in this approach, Northouse notes that employees are motivated since they realize that they are improving their performance and more effort will translate to specific results, and if they believe that the outcomes for doing a certain job is worth. Women lea ders are hence critical because they can communicate with employees and make this assurance that they can work even better and that their work is very important for achievement of long-term goals of the organization. Nothhouse suggest that such leadership can form in groups and it’s likely to breed trust between the manager and the employees. Transformational Leadership recognizes leadership as a process of growth whereby an individual used to be part of a group and growth to be the one influencing that group to meet a specific goal. In this case, it is important to have women leaders. That feminine contribution to management decision can turn university departments around. Specifically, women are likely to engage others in creation of a relationship that boosts the level of motivation and building of morality. Additionally they are likely to pay more attention to the employee’s needs and motivating factors and attempt to assist them to achieve their greatest potential s. Stuart, J. (1999). ‘The Position Of Women Staff At The University Of Western Australia: Some Reflections on the Outcomes and Process of Two Reviews of Gender Equity’, International Review of Women and Leadership, Vol. 5, No. 4, Pp. 46 – 56. In the year 1995, Western Australian University revised its position on the role and responsibility of women leaders amidst concerns that there was a very low representation of women in its management staff especially the top management team. The university was just performing like others with regard to the process of recruitment and strategies of retention of the female workers. There are several considerations that came about after the review. Currently, there is good progress and its quite evident overall. The university now recognizes gender issues in the higher education management team. There are also excellent policies that have been put in place and this confirms that the university is dedicated to bring about impro vement in the position of women in university leadership. Whereas the progress has been very clear, the implementation of the major improvement proposal has been in some way uneven across the university departments. Some department have set strategies that demonstrate good progress while other have no clear set of information flow and not indication of results. The challenge has been that the university departments have not adhered to the affirmative action requirement up to date. The faculties do not keep their documents on equity measures in a proper way. The accountability level is varied at all levels though the performance goals include objectives on equity of gender. Full support from management is still a challenge and qualifications into management position have to be revised. An assessment of two institutions of higher education (Harvard and Cambridge) At Harvard University, the executive board of the institution is referred to as the Harvard Corporation. In this regard, th e Harvard Corporation constitutes one of the two governing boards at the institution. The other board is referred to as Board of Overseers. At Harvard University, the academic leadership is organized around the various schools. For example, school of engineering. In this case, every department is headed by a dean, who heads a specific school. There are also area deans who reports to the dean of a school (Harvard University, 2010). The area deans are charged with the responsibility of addressing the academic issues that affects a proposed or existing academic concentration. The deans of the various academic programs manage cross-school programs, educational policy, and coordinating teaching. On the other hand, at Cambridge University, the Faculty constitutes part of a school in a given discipline. For example, the faculty of education at Cambridge University is under the Scholl of Social Sciences and Humanities. There are a total of six schools at Cambridge University and collectivel y, they are referred to as ‘councils of the schools’ (Cambridge University, 2010). They include biological sciences, arts and humanities, physical sciences, clinical medicine, technology, and humanities and social sciences. There are various faculties that are affiliated with the aforementioned schools. Conclusion The issue of underrepresentation of women has infiltrated leadership positions in higher education. This is because previously, an increasingly higher number of men occupy positions of leadership in universities and colleges, in comparison with their female counterparts. However, this trend appears to be changing in favor of women. The immediate problem that face women especially in leadership in higher learning is not so much that there is no attributes that are required by challenges that face institutions, nor that the organizations are less-equipped to react to the challenges, but rather that the style or input of leadership and further potential are still uncared for, under-acknowledged and inadequately integrated into the designs management of the universities. Reference List Bond, S. (2000). ‘Culture and Feminine Leadership’, in Women, Power and the Academy, ed. M. Kearney, UNESCO and Berghahn Books, New York, pp. 79 – 85. Harvard University. (2010). The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Retrieved from https://www.harvard.edu/ Hilary, W., et al. (2006) â€Å"Academic women’s promotions in Australian universities†, Employee Relations, 28(6): 505 – 522. Jacobs, D Witt, J. (2006). An Indigenous Perspective on Women Leadership: An Example for Higher Education, Advancing Women in Leadership Online Journal, Vol. 21 Jones, D.S. (2005). Leadership in Higher education: Influences on Perception of Black Women, Unpublished. Kulati, T. (2003). From Protest To Challenge: Leadership And Higher Education Change In South Africa, Tertiary Education and Management, 9(1): 13 – 27. Northouse, P .G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications. Ramsay, E. (2000). ‘Gender Employment Equity for Women in Australian Universities: Recent Research and Current Strategies’, In Second European Conference on Gender Equality in Higher Education, Zurich, pp. 1 – 17. Ramsay, E. (2001). ‘Women and Leadership in Higher Education: Facing International Challenges and Maximizing Opportunities’, ACU Bulletin, 14 – 17. Stuart, J. (1999). ‘The Position Of Women Staff At The University Of Western Australia: Some Reflections on the Outcomes and Process of Two Reviews of Gender Equity’, International Review of Women and Leadership, 5(4): 46 – 56. University of Cambridge. (2010). About the Schools, Faculties Departments. Retrieved from https://www.cam.ac.uk/ White, K. (2003). Women and leadership in higher education in Australia, Tertiary Education and Management, 9(1): 45 – 60. This research paper on The Female Leaders’ Obstacles to Gain Leadership positions in Universities was written and submitted by user Jayce Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken Essays

Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken Essays Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken Paper Robert Frosts the Road Not Taken Paper Essay Topic: The Poetry of Robert Frost The Road Tim Parr English 102 Professor Scollon â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Robert Frost, born March 26, 1874, is considered by most to be one of America’s leading 20th Century poets. Some of his most famous works include The Road Not Taken, Design, and Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. Frost won an unprecedented number of literary, academic, and public honors because he allows readers of different experience to relate to his poetry. Frost’s poetry is based mainly upon the life and scenery of rural New England and the language of his verse reflects the compact idiom of that region. Although he concentrates on ordinary subject matter, Frost’s emotional range is wide and deep and his poems often shift dramatically from a humorous tone to the expression of tragic experience. He uses vivid imagery, calm words, and rhythm that set a somewhat tranquil mood for every reader. He uses every aspect of the poem to play on the senses, through his creation of vivid images and varying moods. With all of these tools Frost intends to convey his own unique views as the speaker to his audience. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, his poem, The Road Not Taken, has left its readers with many different interpretations. The poem is most commonly interpreted as an advertisement of individuality, but that definition is dependent on whether or not there is a road not taken in Frost’s poem. Many scholars believe that Frost was too ambivalent in his descriptions of the two roads, and have therefore challenged the existence of a less traveled road. The poem simply takes a satirical look at the uncertainty of having to make choices at all, but one might argue that it urges readers, not to forge new roads, but to take pride in the ones they have already chosen. Frost begins The Road Not Taken by creating a mental image of a traveler stopped at a fork in a path, much like a person who is trying to make a difficult decision. The road that will be chosen leads to the unknown, as does any choice made in life. In an attempt to make a decision, the traveler looks down one road as far as he or she can. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the under growth;† As much as he or she may strain his or her eyes to see as far as the road stretches, eventually it surpasses his or her vision and he or she can never see where it is going to lead. The speaker realizes that much like anyone making any kind of decision, their destiny cannot be seen, only the choices they can make. When the traveler finally decides, the lines: â€Å"Then took the other, just as fair And having perhaps the better claim Because it was grassy and wanted wear,† possibly describe the speaker’s innate desire to not necessarily follow the crowd. This may be because of a feeling of unhappiness that was experienced by copying the actions of those before him or her, instead of making an individual decision. The desire to travel down both paths is expressed and not unusual, but the speaker of this poem realizes that the decision is not just a temporary one and â€Å"†¦doubted if I should ever come back. † At the end of The Road Not Taken, regret hangs over the traveler. He or She realizes that at the end of life, â€Å"somewhere ages and ages hence†, the speaker will have regrets about having never gone back to explore the road not taken. The traveler, however, remains proud of the decision and recognizes that it was the paths chosen that made life turn out the way is has. â€Å"I took the road less traveled by and that has made all the difference. † In this poem there is no judgment, no specificity, no moral but simply a narrator who makes a decision in their life that affects the rest of its course. At least, this is what I personally take away from the reading of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken. One of the great aspects of literature is that anyone can get just about anything they want to from any one piece of literature. Now I will focus on some commentary from a few authors who knew Robert Frost more intimately than I do, and are well more qualified to provide analysis of his poem. In Robert Frost: The Trial by Existence, Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant locates in Frost’s letter Crossing Paths the source for â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † To Susan Hayes Ward the poet wrote on February 10, 1912: â€Å"Two lonely cross-roads that themselves cross each other I have walked several times this winter without meeting or overtaking so much as a single person on foot or on runners. The practically unbroken condition of both for several days after a snow or a blow proves that neither is much travelled. Judge then how surprised I was the other evening as I came down one to see a man, who to my own unfamiliar eyes and in the dusk looked for all the world like myself, coming down the other, his approach to the point where our paths must intersect being so timed that unless one of us pulled up we must inevitably collide. I felt as if I was going to meet my own image in a slanting mirror. Or say I felt as we slowly converged on the same point with the same noiseless yet laborious stride as if we were two images about to float together with the uncrossing of someone’s eyes. I verily expected to take up or absorb this other self and feel the stronger by the addition for the three-mile journey home. But I didn’t go forward to the touch. I stood still in wonderment and let him pass by; and that, too, with the fatal omission of not trying to find out by a comparison of lives and immediate and remote interests what could have brought us by crossing paths to the same point in a wilderness at the same moment of nightfall. Some purpose I doubt not, if we could but have made out. I like a coincidence almost as well as an incongruity. † Elizabeth Sergeant Shepley ties the moment with Frost’s decision to go off at this time to some place where he could devote more time to poetry. He had also, she implies, filed away his dream for future poetic use. That use would come three years later. In 1914 Frost arrived in England for what he thought would be an extended leave from farming in New Hampshire. By all the signs he was ready to settle down for a long while. Settling in Gloucestershire, he soon became a close friend of Edward Thomas. Later, when readers continued to misread â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† Frost insisted that his poem had been intended as a jest at the expense of his friend and fellow poet. For Thomas had fussed over choices of the most minor sort made on daily walks with Frost in 1914, shortly before the writing of the poem. Living in Gloucestershire, writes Lawrance Thompson, Frost had frequently taken long countryside walks with Thomas. Repeatedly Thomas would choose a route which might enable him to show his American friend a rare plant or a special vista; but it often happened that before the end of such a walk Thomas would regret the choice he had made and would sigh over what he might have shown Frost if they had taken a â€Å"better† direction. More than once, on such occasions, the New Englander had teased his Welsh-English friend for those wasted regrets. . . . Frost found something quaintly romantic in sighing over what might have been. Such a course of action was a road never taken by Frost, a road he had been taught to avoid. If we are to believe Frost and his biographer, The Road Not Taken was intended to serve as Frost’s gentle jest at Thomas’s expense. Most evidence supports the notion that Robert Frost was displeased with the persistent misinterpretation of his poem by analysts, and this is supported in his Biography as well by Lawrence Thompson in Selected Letters by Robert Frost. â€Å"A short time later, when â€Å"The Road Not Taken† was published in the Atlantic Monthly for August 1915, Frost hoped that some of his American readers would recognize the pivotal irony of the poem; but again he was disappointed. Self-defensively he began to drop hints as he read â€Å"The Road Not Taken† before public audiences. On one occasion he told of receiving a letter from a grammar-school girl who asked a good question of him: â€Å"Why the sigh? † That letter and that question, he said, had prompted an answer. End of the hint. On another occasion, after another public reading of â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, he gave more pointed warnings: â€Å"You have to be careful of that one; it’s a trick poem – very tricky†. Never did he admit that he carried himself and his ironies too subtly in that poem, but the circumstances are worth remembering here as an illustration that Frost repeatedly liked to â€Å"carry himself† dramatically, in a poem or letter, by assuming a posture not his own, simply for purposes of mockery – sometimes gentle and at other times malicious. † Even though The Road Not Taken was misinterpreted by readers and analysts as it was defined by Frost does not in any way dampen the meaning readers can take away from the poem. That is the beauty of poetry; it can have any meaning that anyone wants to assign to it†¦even if the author disapproves. So again I will say that I view The Road Not Taken as a metaphor for the decisions you make in life. No matter how well you choose or don’t choose, you will always have regrets, but in the end hopefully you are pleased with the roads you have taken. Work Cited Sergeant, Elizabeth Shepley. Robert Frost: The Trial by Existence. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960 Thompson, Lawrance. â€Å"Selected Letters of Robert Frost† Best of Frost. Shefali Tripathi Mehta and Anando Banerjee, Jan. 2000. Web. 17 Jun. 2011. bestoffrost. com/what-inspired-the-road-not-taken/.

Modern Monetary Policy

Modern Monetary Policy Introduction Globalization has made the world a global village and thus any country’s economy is affected both by its internal monetary policies and those of other countries it interacts with. Depending on the way these monetary policies are made they can work toward developing the economy of one country to the detriment of the others or promote economic growth in both the country where they are enacted and to other trading countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Monetary Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States of America has experienced economic expansion for a very long period (from 1990 to 2000) until the last half of the year 2000 when the country’s economy growth became slow and sluggish. In order to contain the slow growth and improve the economy of the country â€Å"the Federal Reserve between mid-1999 and May 2000 raised the target for the federal funds rate to 6 ½ % from 4 ¾ %†( Labonte Makinen 7). his did not auger well as the economy growth continued to decline and thus the policies had to be loosened in order to allow more production and spending for the economy to grow. Government policies that are aimed at controlling the supply of money in the market through the Central Bank make up monetary policies. In the legislation and enacting of monetary policies several bodies coordinate together in order to achieve an acceptable money supply as not only does it affect the country’s economy but also other countries economies, which trades with the United States of America. The major banks making policies in the United States of America are however two (both the nation’s Central Bank and the Federal Reserve). In relation to the United States of America, we can define monetary policies as those policies that â€Å"consist of the directives, policies, pronouncements, and actions of the Federal Reserve that affect aggregate demand or national spending† (Labonte Makinen 8). Monetary policies works at either increasing or decreasing the supply of the money in the market influencing how trade and spending goes on within a country. The only unfair characteristic of monetary policies is that they are short term in nature since their enactments are usually designed only to solve a short term crisis. In short the monetary policy tries to solve economic crisis and once the normal economic environment is regained the monetary policies are also adjusted to suit the situation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Monetary policies try to solve macro economic issues such as spending, income levels, unemployment, and inflation among other macroeconomic factors. Evidence showing monetary polices trends can be described by the fact that: Between January 3, 2001, and June 25, 2003, the target rate for federal funds was reduced to 1% from 6 ½%. This policy was reversed beginning June 30, 2004. In 17 equal increments of  ¼% ending on June 29, 2006, the target rate was raised to 5 ¼% from a base of 1%. No additional changes were made at the three subsequent meetings. (Labonte Makinen 4) In order to understand how monetary policies work it is advisable to understand its two indicators. Indicators of Monetary Policy Money Supply A common market rule is that when the supply of a commodity decreases its demand increases resulting in increased prices and the opposite happens when the supply is high the demand decreases thus driving the prices down. This same law also applies to the supply of the money in the market. Most of the times, monetary policies are described either as easy if in influences an increased money supply and tight if its main aim is to reduce the money supply. Interest Rates In his interest theory, John Maynard Keynes argued that interest rate is monetary ph enomena determined in the money market but not influenced by savings as classical economists used to argue. He argued that not all people who save that do so with an intention of earning interest thus it should be in the monetary market where funds are borrowed and their rates determined. Thus, changes in money supply (whether an increase or a decrease) leads to an increase or a decrease in the cost of the money. The changes in interest rates are important to the government as they influence spending in an economy thus creating or reducing employment. However, experts warn that the interest rates experienced due to the changes in aggregate demand and supply of the money are not the real market rates; the real market rates should be the existing market rates less inflation rates in the country. It is thus assumed that a high economic growth reduces interest rates in the short run. Given that countries have future expectations of how inflation rates will be the fall in market rates is always seen as a fall in the real interest rates. However, market rates can change for other reasons for example an increase in income increases the market interest rates thus increasing the demand for money since more people can afford the money and the public expects lower inflations in future (Schabert 17).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Monetary Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How the Monetary Policy Works Monetary policies works through the following instruments which either increases or decreases the supply of money in the market as it is explained below. Open Market Operations To increase or decrease the supply of money in the market, the Federal Reserve can engage in open market operations; this involves selling and buying of bonds in the market. When the federal Bank engages in selling the bonds or securities it aims at reducing the money supply in the market to avoid inflation of the money ; the opposite occurs if the federal bank realizes that the money supply in the market is less as it repurchases the bonds and the securities thus making more money available in the market and this helps in ensuring that the commodity prices remain at a stable position by increasing both the money supply and the aggregate demand (Taylor 4). Reserves Deposit Requirement The government through the federal government can also increase or decrease the required reserve deposits that the commercial banks in the country deposits in the federal government in order to control an economic problem which may be brought about by the existing economic conditions. In order to reduce money supply in the market, the Federal Bank instructs the regional or commercial banks to increase their reserve requirements; this increases the amount of money withheld and in return reduces the amount of money which can be lend to the customers thus reducing the money supply. The lowering of the reserve deposit req uired in these banks by the Federal Bank works in the opposite way. In order to meet these Fed requirements, banks lend among themselves creating a multiplier effect and the rate on such loans determines how loose or tight the monetary policy at that time (Feinman, Deschler Hinkelmann 1). Discount Rate Federal Reserve lending rates to commercial banks are described as discount rates. An increase in the discount rate makes the cost of borrowing increase thus reducing the amount of money which the Federal Reserve can lend to the commercial banks within the state. The high interest rates are transferred down to the customers and the high rates discourage borrowing thus reducing the money supply in the market (U S Department of State 28).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Interaction between Central Bank, the Treasury, and the Financial System The Central Bank is a special bank within the ministry of finance but independent from interference by the executive. The bank has the mandate to preserve financial stability and enhance financial development by controlling the money supply in the market. Its’ autonomy can be described in terms of; the ability to set the terms and conditions on the items in the central bank’s balance sheet – this is essential for the conduct of monetary policy; having the means to bear any losses that arise from central bank operations and having appropriate rules to allocate profits (including rules that govern the accumulation of capital and reserves); and the ability to cover operating expenses, and in particular to set salaries (typically the single largest component of operating costs) in a manner that allows the Central Bank to attract and retain the professional talent it requires (Boehm 59). There h ave been interactions between the treasury and the federal reserve board in an attempt by the government to overhaul the regulatory system but some Fed officials were seeing it as an attempt by the government to interfere with the independence of the bank and thus there was no way they could accept. They argue that the Fed was established by the congress thus it is not part of the executive thus interference should no be expected from the treasury (Torres Schmidt 1). The interaction between the central bank, the treasury, and the financial institutions is best described in the way the monetary policies work and the role played by each. Policy Proposals Relating to Reforming the Financial System One of the proposals being forwarded by the congress is that of establishing a new systemic risk regulator bearing in mind the country is just recovering from the economic crisis. The regulator is expected to supervise the growth of the financial institutions. There has also been the proposa l of changing how the Federal Bank functions. This has not augured well as it would curtail the independence of the Federal Bank and make it prone to political interference. While many think that this will work well in the long run it may work against the goals of making the financial institutions and monetary policies effective as political interests might be fulfilled to the expense of American citizens. There have been further proposals from the House and the Senate for the creation of a Risk Based Systemic Fund whose source would be from the institutions. While the policy might be good, it is not without a flaw since it fails to address the appropriate levels through which the financial institutions can be evaluated. Other proposals have been aimed at making stricter standards on capital and liquidity requirements among the most risky institutions. As the United States of America recovers from the economic crisis there have been calls to create or establish a mechanism through w hich failing financial institutions can be rescued before they can file into bankruptcy through receivership so as to reduce the uncertainties in the monetary system (Acharya, Cooley, Richardson, Ingo 16). Finally, the executive has had interests in controlling the actions of the Fed and thus they had been proposing for law reviews which would allow the central bank become the lead regulator for all the financial institutions (Torres Schmidt 1). Conclusion From the study we can conclude that monetary policies are ways through which the government regulates the supply of money in the bank and while the policies are good they are only enacted for short term purposes as the economy is never static. Thus, policies also need to evolve and should be legislated in a way that suits the prevailing economic conditions. Acharya, Viral, Cooley F. Thomas; Richardson, Matthew., Ingo, Walter. â€Å"Real Time Solutions for US Financial Reform.† VoxEU.org, 2009. 26th Nov. 2010. voxeu.org/ index.php?q=node/4381 Boehm, Moser. â€Å"The Relationship between the Central Bank and the Government.† Bis, 2006. 26th Nov. 2010. bis.org/events/cbcd06d.pdf Feinman, Joshua; Deschler Jana., Hinkelmann, Christoph. â€Å"Reserve Requirements: History, Current Practice, and Potential Reform.† Federalreserve, 1993. 26th Nov. 2010. federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/0693lead.pdf Labonte, Marc., Makinen, Gail. â€Å"Monetary Policy: Current Policy and Conditions†. CRS Report for Congress. The Library of Congress, 2006. Schabert, Andreas. Money supply and the implementation of interest rate Targets: Working Paper Series. London: European Central Bank. 2005 Taylor, John. â€Å"Expectations, Open Market Operations, and Changes in the Federal Funds Rate.† Stanford University. 2001. 26th Nov. 2010. stanford.edu/~johntayl/Papers/StLouisFedConferenceTaylorRevised1.pdf Torres, Craig., Schmidt Robert. Fed Rejects Geithner Request for Study of Governance Structure.â €  Bloomberg, 2009. 26th Nov. 2010. bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchivesid=adjvXg1zP.zY U.S. Department of State. â€Å"Monetary and Fiscal Policy.† Countrystudies, 26th Nov. 2010. http://countrystudies.us/united-states/economy-7.htm

Early childhood education- case analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Early childhood education- case analysis - Essay Example This paper makes a conclusion that teachers develop a curriculum from observing the children and noting down their developmental skills, interests and other possibilities they can discover on their own within the parameters of safety. This curriculum envisions implementation in an environment organized by teachers to be rich in possibilities and provocations that challenge children to explore, problem-solve, usually in small groups while the teachers act as keen observers or recorders of the children’s learning. Teachers get to balance their role by sometimes joining the circle of children and sometimes objectively remaining outside the loop. In doing so, children are allowed feelings of success as they manage to be architects of their own learning. This exercise of analyzing the case helps teachers be more aware of the learning that goes on during play, link it to theory, and guide these children to pursue their interests in a safe and conducive environment. This paper talks that children had the freedom to communicate with whoever they wanted in the environment. Children relate to others on their own. Imogen felt the need to share the information she learned from her exploration with her friends. The learning environment provided the children with opportunities to explore and to learn for themselves. Learning ensues in a conducive environment that offers interactions with peers and supportive adults. Piaget contends that children learn a lot from interactions with the environment, at the same time, Vygotsky theorizes that children learn through conversations and involvement with peers and adults. ... dges (2008) explains that the play-based curriculum of Te Whaariki provides children with several opportunities to express, represent, explore and extend their numerous interests (Strands 4 and 5, all goals). She offers that a socio-cultural approach can bring out children from the comforts of their own culture; hence, the quality of teaching relationships should encourage and extend such interests of the children to venture into the real world. Allowing Imogen to pursue her interest in caterpillars and equipping her with the knowledge and skills in this area gave her confidence to show her â€Å"expertise† to her peers (Principle of Empowerment, Strand 3, all goals, Strand 4, goal 4). What was impressive was the adults’ approach in the children’s learning as they threw stimulating questions at the children to deepen their explorations and discoveries. This is consistent with Te Whaariki’s belief that young children need adults who can provide them with th e resources, challenges and support they need for their widening interests and problem-solving capacities (Principles of Family and Community and Relationship) (MOE, 1996). Hedges (2008) advises teachers to be more responsive to the â€Å"here and now†. They need to loosen the reins of control over curriculum planning and share the construction of learning experiences with the children. This empowers children to learn for themselves and not just to respond to what the teacher offers (Principle of Empowerment, Holistic Development, Strands 3 and 5, all goals). Malaguzzi (1993) concludes that teachers should be researchers that think and produce a true curriculum centered on children’s needs. Teachers develop a curriculum from observing the children and noting down their developmental skills, interests and other

Which branch of government should be making the decisions on Essay

Which branch of government should be making the decisions on immigration - Essay Example Since September 11th the debate on immigration has heated up with the congress discussing how to amend the policy that is to allow foreigners to reside in the US. According to Reuters it is estimated that 11 million immigrants are in the US illegally. Based on this fact, some feel that politicians in Washington are at a slower pace on the issue and whatever measures they are proposing are not effective enough. Due to this some states such as Alabama Arizona, Georgia, Indiana and Utah have gone ahead to enact their own laws in regards to immigration. This has sparked an intense debate on who should make policy decisions on immigration whether it should be the affair of the states or the federal government (Vettese). The federal immigration policy of the United States is based on the plenary power doctrine. As a fundamental characteristic of sovereignty, the legislative and the executive (political branches) enjoy great power and authority, in relation to immigration issues1. The courts in several occasions have affirmed the plenary power doctrine from the 19th century to-date, despite this, there are attempts to reduce control by the other branches of government on immigration and uphold a judicial administration system founded on the premise that foreigners have a right to migrate. The constitution does not give directions to any government branch in regards to immigration but it does put power of neutralization on the congress2. Immigration policies being a national affair as immigrants do not only go to one state but to every state, must be uniform and to make policy decisions on the subject takes a national body. This body must be able to make the laws, enforces them in a national and uniform scale. This body must also be in a position to counter check if the laws made are in line with the constitution. There is no better side of the government that can fulfill this uniformity at a national scale than the federal government. The federal government

Telling the Truth - Atonement + Poems Essay Example for Free

Telling the Truth Atonement + Poems Essay The concept of telling the truth is a complex idea. The truth can vary based on an individual’s perspective and may be distorted by experience and misunderstanding. It is a creeping assumption of the modern world that there are things more important that the truth. The truth may also be covered up because it is difficult for people to cope with. These ideas are explored in Joe Wright’s film Atonement and the Poems ‘Homecoming’ by Bruce Dawe and ‘Mirror’ by Sylvia Plath. All texts are post modernism texts. In Joe Wright’s film Atonement the idea of the truth depends on an individual’s perspective is explored. The truth is many-sided and everyone’s perception of what they believe to be the truth may be different. In the fountain scene it expresses how Briony and Cecilia’s perspective are completely opposite yet they both saw the series of events that took place. The window acts as a barrier to Briony understanding of the truth. Robbie’s stance and the way Cecilia is standing after she jumps out of the fountain makes Cecilia look vulnerable. It makes it seems as though Robbie is forcing her to do what he wants. Briony thinks that Robbie has some sort of power of her sister, this is where she starts to think badly of Robbie. This is especially evident when he yells stop and hold out his arm to prevent her from stepping on the bits of vase, but to Briony it just looks forceful. This scene clearly demonstrates how Briony creates a whole different perspective on what was happening down at the fountain in relation to the reality of the situation. Due to Cecilia’s frustration and anger it makes it appear as though she was being forced. The non-diegetic sounds during this scene are effective as they help to create an suspenseful and tense atmosphere. In Briony’s shot there is faint music playing in the background as well as the constant buzz of the bee. In doing this the director has created a sense of suspense to the lead up of Briony seeing too much and having to turn around. Cecilia’s shot on the other hand has no music playing, the director has made it silent except for sound effects such as the splash of the water as she jumps in but there is very little dialogue, the dialogue said has a tone of anger and frustration. The fountain scene it validates that the truth depends on an individual’s perspective and that the truth can be many-faceted. Similarly in, ‘Mirror’ by Sylvia Plath also advocates that there is no right truth as everyone considered the truth to be different to another based on perspective. Sylvia Plath was constrained by societal expectations of gender roles, causing her to lose her identity and youth this influenced the writing of this poem. This poem is from the viewpoint of the mirror with the use of personification. This is evident especially in the use of the mirror â€Å"meditates on† this implies that the mirror which is an inanimate object has the ability to think. The mirror has no preconceptions and doesn’t change what It shows based on its understanding of who you are or what you have done, it just shows the complete truth. When the mirror transforms to a lake which is able to still show reflections like a mirror. Because the woman is looking into a lake and not the mirror, the woman must bend over to see the reflection of her face. Hoping to see something deeper by searching the depths of the lake into the waters below. She also turns to the moonlight and candles to try and see a new reflection. The lake seems upset that the woman is rewarding it for its faithful reflection by becoming more distressed. She shows her distress by physically disturbing the lake similar to Cecilia at the fountain. The woman is unhappy of how she has grown old this is similar to how Briony is unhappy of how she had done as a younger girl. Plath has told the poem from the perspectives of the mirror and the lake instead of from the woman. This is due to the fact that people have different perspectives but the mirror and lake on the other hand has no preconceptions and shows the unchanged truth. In Joe Wright’s film Atonement it suggests that the truth can be difficult to reveal or face. In the bedside scene it expresses how telling the truth can appear to be unsettling and scary for one to face. Briony clearly demonstrates her regret for what she had done in her past and what the result of being sent to war can end up. Watching the soldier die in front of her makes her realise that this could be Robbie and she would have been the one responsible for not only Robbie’s health but the impact that it could have upon her sister and Robbie’s family. When Briony was a child she was raised in a high class family sheltered from the horrific truth of war as she has a sanitised perception. Once she becomes a nurse her eyes are opened to the full impact of what her lie that she had told when she was younger. Briony is told to talk to one of the patients that is in a serious condition, that is unable to speak English. The injured soldier seems to think that he knows Briony but she knows that he is just mistaken her for someone else. When he asks her to loosen the bandages around his head, she loosens them and is faced with the full extent of his wound and gets blood on her face which contributes to her realisation that her perception was completely off and she feels guilty for the mistake she had made in her past. When she walks down the hallway at the hospital and the lights turn on one by one this is a use of imagery symbolising that she is entering a new frame of mind. The director has used suspense building with the reoccurring typewriter non-diegetic track. As the lights come on there is a loud flickering sound this also adds to the effectiveness of the scene making it evident that she is thinking but the flickering is loud enough to disturb her thoughts. The poem â€Å"Homecoming† by Australian anti-war poet Bruce Dawe backs up the idea that the truth can be difficult to deal with by reflecting the concerns of war. In this poem it describes to the reader the tragedies of war, the return of the dead bodies of the soldiers from the Vietnam War and the lack of respect that they received. The title ‘Homecoming’ is ironic as usually a homecoming is heartfelt and joyful but in this the return is related to death, mourning and loss. References to bodies in â€Å"green plastic bags†, shows the lack of individuality that the soldiers received. Although these soldiers have made the crucial sacrifice by giving up their lives, the fact that they got little recognition for this emphasises how war is dehumanising. The lack of full stops express that the war was continuous and that there was no time to stop and relax. Dawe ultimately wants to expose the brutal truth in contrast to what people thought. With the use of imagery throughout, Dawe is able to establish the pointlessness of war and clarifying the misconceptions those may have had on the war. This relates to how Briony in Atonement has the false understanding or knowledge of war, not knowing what she has sent Robbie into. Dawe uses aural and visual poetic techniques and is able to provoke sympathy, by manipulating the audience to reflect upon his own views towards war. Similarly what Briony does in making up the end of the story of her sister and Robbie in how she believed the event of war was, this was until she became a nurse and the real truth of war was unveiled. The concept of telling the truth has been enhanced through the study of the film Atonement and the poems â€Å"Homecoming† and â€Å"Mirror†. Each individual has their own perception on what they believe the truth to be. In Atonement Briony has a different perspective than Cecilia which results in conflict and hiding the truth as she is too scared to face it. â€Å"Homecoming† reflects the idea that people prefer to deny or ignore the truth. ‘Mirror’ and ‘Homecoming’ show that the truth can be frightening or unbearable and therefore difficult to share. This then shows how the truth is dependent on the individual’s perspective.

Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream Speech

In a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully written for the hope of African Americans, but the underlying message for white people, revolution and peace. To stimulate emotion from both parties of his listeners, King used a selection of rhetorical devices such as allusions to historical documents, metaphors, similes, anaphoras and others. Martin Luther King’s use of allusions to historical documents helps his message of equality hit home for his audience. Most of the allusions were geared more towards the white people that it was towards the blacks because it provided printed evidence from past documents that were written by white males. His first, â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation† is an allusion to Abraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address. His first reference to the Declaration of Independence: â€Å"This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness’.† Another quote King uses from the Declaration of Independence is not quite as publicized, King incidentally slips in, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.† King also mak es a few allusions to the Bible; â€Å"... ... would be treated as equals and walk hand-in-hand with every one of every color. Martin Luther King, Jr. implies that his dream is none other than the dream of the Founding Fathers which he makes reference to several times during his speech. And ending with another powerful anaphora, â€Å"let freedom ring† King look joyfully towards the day where â€Å"all God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentile, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing† because he knows this is movement is greater than just for those of color. By expressing his emotions on the subject of racism, Kings persuasive speech influenced and impacted America, for the better in the early 1960’s. With his many uses of different rhetorical devices such as allusions, metaphors and smiles, and anaphoras Kings speech truly changed the minds of hundreds of thousands of people. Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King's I Have A Dream Speech In a period of time where few were willing to listen, Martin Luther King, Jr. stood proudly, gathered and held the attention of over 200,000 people. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was very effective and motivational for African Americans in 1963. Many factors affected Kings’ speech in a very positive manner; the great emotion behind the words, delivering the speech on the steps of the memorial of the President who defeated slavery. And not only was this message beautifully written for the hope of African Americans, but the underlying message for white people, revolution and peace. To stimulate emotion from both parties of his listeners, King used a selection of rhetorical devices such as allusions to historical documents, metaphors, similes, anaphoras and others. Martin Luther King’s use of allusions to historical documents helps his message of equality hit home for his audience. Most of the allusions were geared more towards the white people that it was towards the blacks because it provided printed evidence from past documents that were written by white males. His first, â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation† is an allusion to Abraham Lincoln and the Gettysburg Address. His first reference to the Declaration of Independence: â€Å"This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men would be guaranteed the ‘unalienable rights’ of ‘Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness’.† Another quote King uses from the Declaration of Independence is not quite as publicized, King incidentally slips in, â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.† King also mak es a few allusions to the Bible; â€Å"... ... would be treated as equals and walk hand-in-hand with every one of every color. Martin Luther King, Jr. implies that his dream is none other than the dream of the Founding Fathers which he makes reference to several times during his speech. And ending with another powerful anaphora, â€Å"let freedom ring† King look joyfully towards the day where â€Å"all God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentile, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing† because he knows this is movement is greater than just for those of color. By expressing his emotions on the subject of racism, Kings persuasive speech influenced and impacted America, for the better in the early 1960’s. With his many uses of different rhetorical devices such as allusions, metaphors and smiles, and anaphoras Kings speech truly changed the minds of hundreds of thousands of people.

Ap Psychology Fall Term Project

AP Psychology Fall Term Project Introduction I am more interested in the abstract and philosophical aspects rather than the more concrete biological aspects of psychology. The topic that interested me the most so far this year and the topic that I continued to research was the topic of morality. I didn’t have a specific question I wanted to address but as I read some articles about people who were institutionalized for violently expressing psychopathic personality traits, I came across an article that asked a question of its own.The article brought up the idea that traits of psychopathy including ruthlessness, charm, mindfulness, focus, fearlessness, and action can be beneficial to the individual. From this idea, the question I sought to answer was â€Å"If we all take on typically immoral psychopathic tendencies, are they no longer immoral? † Summary The article I read came from Scientific American adapted from the non-fiction book The Wisdom of Psychopaths: What Saint s, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us about Success by Kevin Dutton. The main question posed by Dutton is: Can the typical traits of a psychopath benefit people at certain points in their lives?The article is more of an interview with some patients at Broadmoor, â€Å"the best-known high-security psychiatric hospital in England† and an observation rather than a study with measurements and variables. However, applying knowledge of Kohlberg, Brofenbrenner, and Gillian’s theories make the article even more interesting. In the article, Dutton discusses the inmates’ solutions to problems similar to that of the Heinz dilemma, psychopathy and the brain, and a relation to psychopathic traits to religion and happiness.If what he discusses were put into terms of variables, the independent variable could be expression of psychopathic traits and the dependent variable could be anything the traits effect from happiness to inner or universal morality. Discussion In the ar ticle, the ideas of the psychopaths can be looked at and evaluated using both Kohlberg and Brofenbrenner’s theories on moral development. In the article Dutton asks one of the inmates a hypothetical question. An old woman moves out of her house to live with her daughter and son-in-law.The house is in an up and coming neighborhood and she can get a good price if she sold it. The only problem is the tenant who doesn’t want to move out. How do you get the tenant to leave? The first thing the psychopath said was â€Å"I’m presuming we’re not talking violence here† indicating that psychopaths do have a sense of the Level II conventional morality described by Kohlberg. The psychopath recognizes that violence is typically punished and looked down upon by law and society, putting the psychopath into at least Stage 4 of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.Essentially the psychopath solves the problem by saying that someone should pretend to be som eone from the health department and tell the tenant that the house is not safe to live in and he must leave as soon as he can. He doesn’t explain his reasoning but most psychopaths are concerned with one thing only: getting the job done. However, the article doesn’t go into why or how the psychopath determined this was the best way to remove the tenant.If the psychopath figured the action would lead to reward (getting the tenant out) and that is the only consequence, he would be in Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s theory and orientation 1of Bronfenbrenner’s theory. On the other end of the spectrum, if the psychopath figured that if the house got sold and the old woman and her daughter and son-in-law could live comfortably, that the expulsion of the tenant (whether he became homeless or even finds another place to stay) would be the greatest good for the greatest number, putting him in Stage 5 of Kohlberg’s theory.This would be orientation 4 of Bronfenbrennerà ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory called objectively oriented morality in which the standing goals of the group override that of the individual. As the conversation continues, the discussion turns to worrying about the future affecting actions in the present. The psychopaths discuss the idea that there’s no use in getting your mind wrapped in what might happen when everything in the present is perfectly fine and that you shouldn’t let your brain get ahead of you. Do in the moment what makes you happy. Dutton describes this as mindfulness.Dutton brings up the fact that embracing the present is something that psychopathy and schools of spiritual enlightenment have in common. When it comes to psychology, Dutton brings up a â€Å"mindfulness-based cognitive-behavior therapy program for sufferers of anxiety and depression. † Surely, mindfulness and living in the present has its benefits but ignoring the future can produce dangerous consequences as well. Since some stages of morality a re based on self satisfaction, others the law and religion, and further the good of society, I have answered my question â€Å"If we all take on typically immoral psychopathic tendencies, are hey no longer immoral? † The answer I came up with is, â€Å"it depends. † The reason â€Å"it depends† is because, well, it does. Anyone can have psychopathic traits of mindfulness, ruthlessness, action, charming, and fearlessness; it’s just about how we use them. Sure, Dutton suggests these traits can lead to happiness and success, but in the right amount and for the right reasons. What we consider the â€Å"right reasons† and â€Å"right amount† is also based on our own levels of morality. If everyone was charming, fearless, ruthless, and mindful, we would all be doing what we could to get ahead and be happy.If doing what is necessary to be happy and get ahead became a universally moral idea, then sure, there wouldn’t be a problem with psychop aths, liars, and cheaters. But in the world in which we live, where we all have our own different ideas of good and bad with exceptions and loopholes included, under the â€Å"right† circumstances, these traits are acceptable and useful, but at the â€Å"wrong† times they can be damaging and violating. Should we all just become psychopaths? I guess it just depends. Citation Dutton, K. (2013, January). Wisdom from Psychopaths? [Electronic version]. Scientific American.