Gender Inequalities And Gender Inequality - 922 Words

Gender Inequalities in Education Judge Sonia Sotomayor states, â€Å"Until we get equality in education, we won t have an equal society. That quote resonates throughout the world because of gender inequality in education. Researchers believe gender inequality still exists in the 21st century. Through research, controversial opinions exist about inequality in schools and what has been done to address this situation. What is gender equality? Gender inequality refers to disproportionate dealing or assessments of individuals based on their gender. Schools, culture, and society are affected by gender inequality. Therefore, one must look at these entities to find the cause and perhaps the solution to a growing problem. Researchers (Legewie 2012) have accused schools of perpetuating gender inequalities. Moreover, schools have affected gender differences because today s classrooms suit girls instead of boys by the classroom structure. Gender inequality is having harmful consequences for children. For instance, boys are having a difficult time remaining on task with literacy instruction, constantly in trouble with their teacher and has a greater chance of being expelled because of undesirable behavior. In the primary grades the literacy practices in the early years and that as a result, boys are victimized, and constructions of literacy are disregarded. Furthermore, more female than masculine teachers. Boys do not have an active male role model while at school and they areShow MoreRelatedGender Equality And Gender Inequality979 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout the past few decades, the gender inequality discourse have became a dominant feature of international, national and local policy debate on the subject of economic development. This policy concern has emerged as an area of scholarly research which seeks to show that improving gender equity leads to economic growth. Gender Inequality in Australia: According to the data published by Australian Bureau of Statistics in May 2015, the full time average earnings of women is $284.20 or 17.9%Read MoreGender Inequality Within The World1088 Words   |  5 PagesToday most children in the United States attend classes where gender equality exists. Students have classes in which both boys and girls are treated equally and are friends with one another and that is all that they have ever known. However, this is not always the case in every country. As of 2015, 53% of the children who are not attending school throughout the world are female (11 Facts About...). Gender inequality is an important issue that needs to be focused on and fixed throughout the worldRead MoreEffect of Gender Inequality on Economic Status1324 Words   |  5 Pagesand their empowerment has always been one of controversy. Even though the United States and many other countries have made great strides in gender equality, men and women are still not equal. Although this p roblem is beginning to disappear in many countries, it was once much more significant. The United States, a country with one of the world’s smallest gender gaps, used to be one of its worst offenders. Prior to World War 2, women were rarely seen in the workforce with minor exceptions. As a resultRead MoreThe Correlation between Poverty and Gender Inequality1211 Words   |  5 Pages Topic: Poverty and Inequality Key Question: To what extent do poverty and gender inequality affect each other? INTRODUCTION: Gender equality, women’s empowerment and good standard of living (financial stability) are important in their own rights. Today gender inequality is not only a cause of women’s poverty but also a barrier to tackling general poverty.Gender inequality impacts on whether women can benefit from development. Unequal distributionRead MoreGender Inequality : Women s Empowerment2907 Words   |  12 PagesINTRODUCTION Gender determines the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a society deems appropriate based on one’s gender identification. Being a man or woman shapes one’s roles in society, whether in the labor market or among a family. These roles are dynamic and vary by society. Gender inequality can exist when gender roles support established injustices between men and women. Women are more susceptible to and are disproportionately affected by such inequalities (1). ToRead MoreEssay Changing Perspective on Gender Inequalities in Schools678 Words   |  3 PagesChanging Perspective on Gender Inequalities in Schools Gender equality is a broad topic with many different angles that can be examined. For my part in this project I chose to research the changing perspective on gender inequalities in schools. I wanted to find out what people really felt about the fairness of their education, and whether they really felt they had been shortchanged in the learning process because of their sex. My results were generally what I had expected to find, thoughRead MoreAnalysis of Relationship Between Modes of Production and Gender Inequality1320 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Relationship Between Modes of Production and Gender Inequality Amongst societies, there is a great variety of means of survival, all of which are dependent upon factors influencing the community—geographical location and structure of authority, to name a few. Such factors and the community’s ways of survival create the underlying basis of other complex issues, including the relationship between the sexes. Many anthropological papers that concentrate on the modes of production of specificRead MoreGender Inequality : An Ordinal Hierarchy Between Men And Women2498 Words   |  10 PagesGender equality has always been a prominent and complex subject in society, ‘a hotly contested concept [as] the precise meaning remains subject to continuous change and, as a result, to political struggle’, (Ridgeway, 2011: Preface). Ridgeway (2011: 3) defines gender inequality as ‘an ordinal hierarchy between men and women in material resources, power, and status’. Despite the considerable progress that has been made over the past decades, ‘a pattern of gender hierarchy has remained in which menRead MoreTackling Gender Inequality Raising Pupil Achievement By Christine Forde1426 Words   |  6 PagesIn a society that claims to strive for gender-equality, would it be possible to apply measures in order to put to an end the mutual exclusion created by both genders from a young age? In her book Tackling Gender Inequality Raising Pupil Achievement, Christine Forde analyzes and critiques the policy and strategies implemented to tackle gender inequality. Forde’s work is still relevant to today’s society as it deals with issues such as the ‘underachievement’ of boys making it a perfect text to studyRead MoreGender Inequality And The Corporate World : How Do You Feel About Women Holding Higher Positions Within Corporations?1516 Words   |  7 PagesGender Inequality in the Corporate World How do you feel about women holding higher positions within corporations? In today’s society, there are several inequalities between women and men. These inequalities between women and men have been around since the beginning of time and will always be a factor. Gender inequality can be seen in many different ways across our society today. One major area that this inequality can be seen is in the workforce. There are many women who have jobs in today’s

Essay on Old Man And The Sea - 683 Words

Old Man and The Sea quot;The great DiMaggio is himself again!quot;(21), in Ernest Hemingways novel, The Old Man and the Sea, which takes place near Havana, Cuba in the Caribbean Sea, a very old, unlucky, fisherman sets out for the big catch. The great DiMaggio is seamed throughout the novel to symbolize the old man and his struggle to catch the big fish, yet also he poses as a role model for Santiago (the old man). The old man is using the great DiMaggio for a role model. At a certain point in the struggle to catch this great fish, the old man begins to cramp up in his left hand, do to the fish pulling so strenuously on the line. Where as the great DiMaggio (during this time) is struggling with a bone spurn his ankle, yet still†¦show more content†¦When thinking of the great DiMaggio, the old man remembers to give himself more confidence, and in doing so thinks back to his younger years when he was referred to as the champion because of an arm wrestling match. This gave the old man more strength and will to push on and fight the fish until he wins. Also this image of DiMaggio reminds him he must be very strategical, and do everything right, despite any cramps in his hand. There is hard evidence that shows that DiMaggio symbolizes the old man. Previously Joe DiMaggio had been struggling in his profession of baseball, due to a bone spur in his heel. The whole team struggled because DiMaggio was the main hope to the Yankees team. Now in the case of the old man, who had previously struggled to catch a fish because of his newly developed unluckiness, struggles in his life because he has not caught a fish and in turn, has no money to buy the necessities for life. Well as soon as DiMaggio picked up his game and started to play at a whole new level, the old man hooked into a great big marlin, and started a fight that would change his life. Not to mention the fact that DiMaggio played outstanding even though he suffered from a bone spur in his heel. As did the old man out struggle and out think the fish even though he suffered from a temporary cramp in his left hand. All of this shows how DiMaggio quot;isquot; the old man quot;The great DiMaggio is himself againquot;(21). In conclusion to Hemingways novel, The OldShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea1561 Words   |  7 Pages The Old Man and The Sea is more than a book about a fish and an old man, it teaches us strength and never giving up on ourselves. The Old Man and The Sea is written by Ernest Hemingway about Santiago, The Old Man. Hemingway is a writer known for his iceberg themes in his novels, where ten percent of its message is what you read and the ninety percent is hidden. That ninety percent is up to interpretation. My interpretation is Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea he expressesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe sea in a way is like a living being. The way it rhythmically carries itself, showing all of its majestic beauty. The sea has such power, each wave coordinately smashing against whatever stands in its way. Sea erosion, most commonly known as coastal erosion, is the slow process of wave action constantly shaping and reshaping the coastlines of our world. In The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway portrays nature as a continuum-an endless progression of the invention and destruction which is ultimatelyRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea900 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea is a short, but rich novel about an old fisherman who, after eighty-four unsuccessful days in a row, hooks the largest fish of his life. Written by Ernest Hemingway in 1951, and published in 1952, the novel was the last of Hemingway’s novels to be published during his lifetime. The book was praised by critics, and became an immediate success. The story was also awarded the Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was a factor in Hemingway winning a Nobel Prize. The story was publishedRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesearly to mid 20th century. Known mainly for his success in writing the critically acclaimed novel, The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway had many symbolic meanings inst ituted throughout this novel and many other works. Many having the theme of a hero confronting a natural force, as seen when Santiago confronts the mighty sea. Along with the heroic themes, Hemingway had become a religious Catholic man growing up and decided to include many religious references and biblical allusions. Since the beginningRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1128 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Analysis 3 The Old Man and the Sea was written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published by the Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1952, and contains 127 pages. The genre is literary fiction. The story is about an old man named Santiago who fishes alone in the Gulf Stream and has been very unsuccessful for the past 84 days. A simple tale, this takes timeless themes of courage of one man’s struggle and personal triumph. The author’s purpose was to write both a realistic andRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1412 Words   |  6 Pagesboth having completely different writing styles and ideas, seem to have an underlying similarity in how they view leadership and heroism. The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemmingway and Sea of Poppies by Amitav Ghosh both show internal battles and undeniable fate within characters throughout each novel. In The Old Man and the Sea Hemmingway uses Santiago, the old Cuban fisherman, to represent internal transformation, renewed life, triumph, and defeat. Ghosh also represents similar struggles throughRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1586 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the plot of the novel, The Old Man and the Sea and the motion picture, Life of Pi. In the novel, the old fisherman, Santiago spends a few days out at sea attempting to capture the fish of his dreams. He battles through pain, thirst and hunger in order to bring the Marlin to the shore. However, whi le losing his prey, he gains a priceless experience combined with pride, respect and compassion. On the other hand, the main character in the movie survives at sea for 227 days with a wild animal,Read MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1121 Words   |  5 Pagesimpact on the author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway providesRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea1395 Words   |  6 PagesBoth The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London both explore the literary conflict of man verses nature. Both main characters sha re many similarities; however, they also have various differences that set them apart as well. In The Old Man and the Sea the story is about Santiago, an old fisherman who sets out one day and catches the fish of a lifetime. Santiago then spends multiple days fighting the fish in the middle of the ocean. â€Å"To Build a Fire† is about aRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea993 Words   |  4 Pages one Earnest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, is a captivating story about and old seasoned fisherman named Santiago. It is a tale of his epic struggle with the greatest catch of his life after not catching anything for eighty-four days. He face psychological challenges and encounters multiple villains. Santiago is fishing with a young boy named Manolin and the boy leaves the old man to go on another boat. Hemingway explains to us why they boy had to leave the boat. â€Å"But after forty

Intercultural Communication Individuals and Groups

Question: Discuss about the Intercultural Communication for Individuals and Groups. Answer: Introduction Intercultural communication is considered as the communication between individuals and groups, which belong to different cultures and traditions. The article, Citizenship, Language, and Superdiversity: Towards Complexity by Jan Blommaert is focusing on the understanding of the superdiversity among the citizenship. The author has presented the major focus on the diversified cultural citizenship (Blommaert 2013). It is noted that the fundamental changes brought to the notions have led towards the diversifications. The major feature of the article is integration in a particular segment. Simultaneously, the article defines the absence of integration in other segments. The complexity associated with such citizenship is categorised by the poly-centricity. Overall, it can be stated that the article promotes the complexity faced due to the cultural diversity. Key understanding of the Author In this article, the author has presented several key ideas. It is noted that the understanding of the basic concept of social science is necessary. For instance, it is required to pay attention on the identity, community, and citizenship. Due to the fundamental changes, the transition from diversity to superdiversity has become much prominent. The superdiversity is foreseen when the diversification takes place in the migrating pattern. When people are moving from one place to another; the occurrence of the social and cultural diversity takes place. Moreover, the global trend of using internet and other mobile communication process is also connecting the people worldwide. Such new forms of migration have emerged the network society (Blommaert 2013). Hence, the author has derived the idea about the changes in the social-linguistic values, which have reshaped the social life in the world. Another idea is reflecting though the article and that is the development of the human communicati onal process. Hence, the article is reflecting the conceptual idea about the increasing complexity in the human communications and citizenship. The author has described that due to the globalisation, the changes in the social, linguistic, and cultural diversity have become much prominent. Due to the migration, people received the opportunity to communicate with the other people of different cultures. The collaboration of the different traditional approaches is also influencing the diversity among the migrants. This super-diversity is categorised not only by religion, ethnicity, and language, it even classified by the motives and patterns as well. The author even portrayed the importance of linguistic value. While migrating to another place of different cultures, it is required to understand the method of communicating with the people. The standard language is necessary to maintain the proper communication. Such communicational changes have brought the significant changes in the cultural dimensions. Main Points mentioned in the article The article describes the emergence of the cultural diversity by considering the complex process of the human communication and citizenship. In this current world, the globalisation has the significant impact on the social life. The people in the society are much influenced by the use of internet. With the help of internet, people can get in touch with other people from diversified countries. Moreover, the migration of the people from one country to another facilitates the collaboration of the diversified cultural traits. The association of the diversified people is thus creating the cultural diversity, which is creating the significant impact on the current world (Blommaert 2013). The article is also highlighting that the increasing level of the complexity in the citizenship is influencing citizenship and dis-citizenship. When one integration is used for a particular segment; other integrations are affecting the social life. Hence, the superdiversity is visible in such changing scen ario of the social life. After the discussion of superdiversity and citizenship, the study further moves towards several methodological developments. It is stated that learning the proper language is necessary in order to establish the intercultural communication. In this article, the author has referred language as denaturalised. It is interpreted that with the help of the linguistic value, the inequality and innovations are placed together. In fact, the association of ethnography and linguistic is facilitating a complete different ideology. Supportive Evidences The article is even reflecting some of the supportive description related to the diversity and citizenship. It is mentioned in the article that the growing awareness of the globalisation is promoting the diversified scenario in a very prominent manner. The study is even presenting the evidence of the increasing complexity in the citizenship process. It is noted that migrating from one country to another is introducing people with diversified cultures. Moreover, the internet is also connecting people who are in different horizon. Hence, it is important to set a standard linguistic value that will be helpful enough in communicating with other people. The evidence is also highlighting that the migrants have to face different types of the social environment. These environments include the dominant cultures and subcultures. This cultural diversity includes several resource niches, which are associated with both the host societies and the home cultures. The article has specified that learning a language is a never ending process. The immigrants are constantly trying to acquire different types of the standard languages. This standardisation of the language variations are considered as the unique instrument for integration. The article has even provided another evidence of the absurd nature of the socio-linguistic value, which demands the actual fact obtained from the ideologies of the immigrants. However, these diversified evidence-based suggestions have made the study more argumentative in terms of describing the linking between diversity and citizenship. Further Understanding Intercultural Communication The author has presented the in-depth idea about the importance of intercultural communication. The author has pointed out that it is necessary to establish the standardised linguistic value to communicate with the people who belong to different cultures. In referring such importance, other articles included in week 1 to 4 are also suggesting the similar sequences. The article, Intercultural Communication: A discourse approach by R. Scollon, S. Scollon, and R.H. Jones is also describing the communication between Ho Man and Steven. Ho Man is from China whereas Steven is from America and they communicated with each other in the standard language (Scollon, Scollon and Jones 2011). The similarity in their mentality has made their conversation frequent and understandable. The only difference seen is they belong to the different religion. It is noted that the difference in the sexuality and the languages did not make any differences in their conversation. This example is indicating the int ercultural communication between the people who belong to different cultures. This article can be connected to the previous article, as both highlighting the importance of the different linguistic values. It sometimes seems to be difficult to adjust with the people who are from different cultural background. However, the immigrants are thus trying to acquire the different languages in order to communicate with the people. Conclusion The review of the article is mainly focusing on the intercultural communication maintained among the immigrants of different countries. The supported evidence is highlighting the cultural diversity, which is much influenced by the current globalised scenario. Hence, the growing awareness of the globalisation is bringing the fundamental changes in the communicational process. The author has even identified the growing complexity in the diversified citizenship. It is the natural sequence that the globalised world has been facing. Another major concern reflected in this article is the importance of the linguistic values. The immigrants need to acquire the standardised language for communicating with people who belong to diversified cultures. English is thus considered as the international language, which is mostly used by the diversified people in the world. The use of the intercultural communication is creating the significant impact on the people from different cultural background. References Blommaert, J., 2013. Citizenship, Language, and Superdiversity: Towards Complexity. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, pp.193196. Scollon, R., Scollon, S. and Jones, R., 2011. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach (3rd Edition). Oxford: Blackwell, pp.1-24.

The Female Leaders Obstacles to Gain Leadership positions in Universities

Introduction There are significantly new challenges that are now facing many universities all over the world and some are very fascinating as they present unique opportunities in the remarkably competitive global context.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Female Leaders’ Obstacles to Gain Leadership positions in Universities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is however persistent under-representation of women at the top management level of many universities, though recently, this has been receiving renewed attention having realized that there is no way the counties and institution of higher education could continue overlooking the management abilities and potential leadership. This representation at top management has to be equally for both men and women. The paper will also give information that is necessary for handling some of the factors that could have otherwise stop the contribution o f talented people. Problem Statement Women face greater challenges when they are seeking to gain leadership positions within the hierarchy of management in higher education. There is enough evidence to support this statement. Women are often seen as minorities and are in most cases underrepresented in management roles. Despite the obstacles, women still pursue leadership opportunities in universities. The Impact This paper addresses the obstacles that female leaders must go through in their pursuit to gain leadership positions in higher. Though correlation between the leadership skill and those that organization need for their success need to undergo challenges of the emerging globalization process has not today been translated into advantageous use either for universities or for social benefit. Women are disgustingly under-represented and this has impacted negatively on the way management of universities has been handled in the past. Research in the past has shown that men outnumbe r women by about five times in middle management positions. In terms of administration posts, a study by ACU shows that women have a greater possibility of succeeding as registrars, head of human resources than when put in posts like vice chancellor or even deans of university schools.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research Aims To undertake a study of women leadership styles in women concentrating on leadership theories, equal representation and obstacles of women strife to attain management positions. Address the women attitudes towards matters of leadership Offer an example for practical means that are set to train women in leadership formulate commendation for engendering and also set means of supporting more women to take up responsibilities in management positions Hypothesis The immediate problem that face women especially in leadership in higher learning is not so much that there is no attributes that are required by challenges that face institutions, nor that the organizations are less-equipped to react to the challenges, but rather that the style or input of leadership and further potential are still uncared for, under-acknowledged and inadequately integrated into the designs management of the universities. Research Questions Do you think female leaders can perform better in higher education management? What aspects of women character do you think develop leadership skills? Does university management encourage development of women’s leadership? What types of support are critical in higher education workplace to assist women in developing their management/leadership opportunities and skills? Are there differences in the efficiency and style of leadership between men and women? What obstacles challenge women’s efforts to obtain management position in university leadership? What measures are there to enhance the recognition of w omen interests? Significance of Study In leadership, gender matters a great deal. It is actually true that there is some difference between female leaders and male leaders? In light of this, there is need to explore the unique qualities necessary for female leaders to be regarded as effective leaders. This paper identifies the unique characteristics that women posses to make effective as men or even more. Annotated Bibliography Ramsay, E. (2001). ‘Women and Leadership in Higher Education: Facing International Challenges and Maximizing Opportunities’, ACU Bulletin, This paper talks about the ability of women in leading universities. Whereas this could be very tricky to tell whether women have been working hard enough to work through to the management class in Australian universities. The proportions of female leaders in senior posts in the academic and general administrative positions are gradually but bit by bit increasing. More considerably, the visibility of the fema le leaders in universities of Australia and their impact in terms of their public policy say have increased more speedily than their real figures as a consequence of these plans. The concerns for gender equality is highlighted o be critical in two respects. This will ensure that the government policies concerning leadership are fair. Priorities and directions of the higher education sector are enhanced by the experiences of the top management women in this sector. Additionally this formal, efficient and public voice makes sure that the female leaders in the universities cannot be ever overlooked as individual or as groups, realizing audibility, integrity for the women across the industry. This factor also standardizes the existence of women as senior and important players, lively in creating and manipulating the policy directions of the Australian University.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Female Leaders’ Obstacles to Gain Leadership posit ions in Universities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Australian government has seen the development of the policy and emphasis has been made on the development of specific skills and attributes that are required by the ever-changing international context. Thus whereas every step has demonstrably established situations, procedures and proposals which have increased the possibility of women advancing to senior positions, they have at the same time provided them with capacities that these institutions need in order to be Kulati, T. (2003). From Protest To Challenge: Leadership And Higher Education Change In South Africa, Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 13 – 27 This paper investigates the budding and different moves towards female leadership and more equity in higher education particularly how the new approaches are shaping organizational transformation strategies in the higher education colleges in the r epublic of South Africa. The study of these issues hinges upon the adoption of novel policies in the management of higher education, in addition to the ensuing challenges to the education sector, thanks to globalisation. White, K. (2003). Women And Leadership In Higher Education In Australia, Tertiary Education And Management, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 45 – 60 In this paper, White notes that leaders in Australian universities especially the heads of departments and deans of schools usually get very little management training and are allocated leadership responsibilities.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When addressing issues of under-representation of women in the university management hierarchies, White says that women express very little human capital compared to their men counterparts as rated in terms of formal academic qualifications and job experience. Middle managers are the central dogma of the study because there has been so much research on women at topmost level in universities but there has been very little on the middle managers who are aspiring to be top managers in future. Several studies have investigated women and equal representation principle at higher level in the positions of management in universities. Is specific study of universities Australia, White has assessed gender equity change in most universities, and all-encompassing climate and culture was designed from exceedingly conventional, male-centric job setting. The culture makes practical, varied changes like modification of the promotion system to acknowledge training and executing a convenient leadersh ip program for women that shore up promotion aspirations. The writer also explains very good examples that cite the way women have been advancing in leadership. It seems that there has not been so much study in Australia concerning the overall development of female managers in the middle management in the academics sector. This recognizes human capital standpoint to present knowledge; those official and unofficial development opportunities that offer women the qualifications, experience, skills and tacit understanding and the connections to make on more senior duties. Bond, S. (2000). ‘Culture and Feminine Leadership’, in Women, Power and the Academy, ed. M. Kearney, UNESCO and Berghahn Books, New York, pp. 79 – 85. This piece of work provides an opportunity for people to improve the situation on the ground as they embrace feminine leadership. In order to build a strong management team that displays equal representation in terms of gender, it’s important t hat the leadership skill and capabilities be tapped from all potential leaders as these are critical to the success of universities and perhaps even only way to ensure survival. Such interests are the ones that instigated additional investigation into management at higher education level, particularly those related to the representation of women minority. It has been found that women leaders are persuasive or assertive in their leadership styles. They also have stronger desire to get things moving and take risks. Women are also flexible and empathetic and have better interpersonal skills than men. This is very critical for reading situations more accurately and they also can integrate information from different sources. Hilary, W et al. (2006). â€Å"Academic women’s promotions in Australian universities†, Employee Relations, Vol. 28 Issue: 6, pp. 505 – 522 The purpose of this paper was to study the premise that under-representation of female leaders in Australi an higher learning sector reflects the obstacles in the academic process of promotion. The paper used three complementary models. Documents from the Australia University are used as a basis for assessing strategies and policies. There were 17 universities used as a sample for the interviews with the main gatekeepers to investigate the way promotions are done. Information promotions by level and sex orientation were examined for these universities. The findings of the paper shows that analysis of the policies set in practise are varied. The interviews underline the significance of support for and identification of women aspirants and the need for the organization of institution-wide and performance objectives for higher-ranking managers. Implicitly, many interviewees agreed the assumption that women faced barriers in the promotion strategy, including discretion in making application and stereotypically gendered ideas of merit. Nonetheless, the assessment of promotions information rev ealed a more encouraging picture. Application rates and achievement rates for the female leaders are the same as those of male leaders and at the professional level, a little higher. Nevertheless women remain under represented in senior positions as only a professoriate 16%. Practical implications drawn from this paper are that the vice chancellors’ committee will have a number of recommendations that will assist improvement strategies in the university policies. Ramsay, E. (2000). ‘Gender Employment Equity for Women in Australian Universities: Recent Research and Current Strategies’, In Second European Conference on Gender Equality in Higher Education, Zurich, pp. 1 – 17. Workforce is becoming more diverse as the world advances to global integration and in terms of demographic changes, women are getting more recognition. The cultural differences like race and sex and characteristics that describe member’s personality. This diversity is reflecting t he changing international market. The diversity of workforce is can either be negative or positive impact on the way organizations perform. Therefore it’s very important that a better medium and bigger business should embrace diversity. For the businesses to be able to manage the increasingly challenging workforce in the universities of Australia and to be able to stop discrimination there is need for strict policy on management is now regarded as a main element of tactical human resource management the purpose of this paper was to help the policy makers in establishing various aspects that discrimination occurs. This gender difference in Australian university is worth addressing since equality is a global concern and it helps in tapping the potential that women have as leaders. Managerial policy, character, the social and cultural organization and the laws governing work factors like educational qualification gender, community norms and workplace opinions have impacted on di scrimination greatly. According this paper, gender discrimination in Australia universities is evident in job processes like appointments and promotion to management. The Human resource is accused of being biased when it comes to job examinations, selection of candidates, interviews and appraisal of good performance. Failing to recognize and appreciate gender differences can result in sex prejudice, underperformance and deprived work relations. Jones, D.S. (2005). Leadership in Higher education: Influences on Perception of Black Women, Unpublished The African women are underrepresented in many leadership positions in America. Although several articles of research address leadership at workplaces, very few have specifically addressed the fate of black women in universities. The pathways that lead to management of administration are highlighted. For many academicians, management of higher education is an addendum and not an ambition, since assumption of these positions would be viewed as changing careers, whereas others view the higher education as a job of those with excellent intellectual skills hence believing that university faculties should take part in the administration of a university. This concept is founded on the idea that administrators should be drawn for the positions of faculty. In spite of the view one holds on this issue, there is one clear thing from this assessment. Effort is needed to advance towards a balanced representation black men and women in American universities at administrative level. The paper reports that women have made great progress in going further than the entry level position but are still not equally represented as men are. Men are possibly presenting fear of feminist ideas in management positions. When black women are appointed in the top leadership positions, would be a challenge to the normative connotation for executive leaders as white males. As a consequence, black women have been neglected from leadership posts and t hey have gained undervalued posts, esteem and eventually quality within higher education. About one out of ten professors is a woman in most parts of America and in the academic sector when the institution is more prestigious, fewer women will be professors and in management. Women have been forced to adapt to leadership by men and even though women are being incorporated, the model is designed according to male model. Jacobs, D Witt, J. (2006). An Indigenous Perspective on Women Leadership: An Example for Higher Education, Advancing Women in Leadership Online Journal, Vol. 21. For several years, many indigenous populations have been made to understand that the critical role of women in building and sustaining healthy communities and egalitarian relations is implicit. Women have hence carried the same values to other generations. They adapt to new regimes and continue renewing societies and their traditions at the tribal level. Unfortunately, women have been ignored even when they make bigger contribution to social and historical growth of a community. There are eight styles of leaderships that are discussed as being used by indigenous women to demonstrate that female leadership is similar to those applied in higher education though they have not attained all of their goals. Women understand that community issues are more significant that isolated individuals when trying to decide on interpersonal disagreements. This type of notion could be the explanation of why many indigenous cultures were matrilineal and actually the true authority was vested in women. This could be why men in European setting were so determined to change things by use of pen and paper. Women however used authority in a manner that would give fair judgment to men and women and even to non-humans. Even to date, women activists across the world have engaged in most critical issues of all time. Portraying political influence with dignity and modesty is said to be demonstrated by the presiden t of the Fielding University called Kuipers Judith among others. In early ages, the Europeans did not comprehend the major differences between their sex-duty stereotyping. In the first nation gendering of responsibilities, they in most cases called the councilmen wearing skirts with words that were offensive sexually. However, homosexuality was respected and there was not confusion of roles in society despite the orientation. In the Fielding ELC, it’s common to see gay and lesbian students address their issues outside their closet to deans. They bring their loved ones to graduation parties and talk about topics of sex comfortably. Traditional cultures have supported transformative kind of leadership rather than a model that is retributive. Through her, the Great Law about peace was created and ultimate solutions were set for challenging problems. Northouse, P.G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications Transactional theory: This paper addr essed various leadership styles that employed at workplaces including universities. For the transactional leadership model, employees usually seek that factor that would cause immediate reward or motivation for their work. Otherwise, this can be explained as the transaction that goes on between the manager and the workers to meet their needs. Employees are promised a negotiated reward for the tasks that they would perform. The motivation is that reward. Women leaders are not transactional leaders. They concentrate on the needs of employees and even get involved in their personal development. However transactional leadership does not take care of the works personal ambitions and their need are not individualized. Path-Goal theory: in this approach, Northouse notes that employees are motivated since they realize that they are improving their performance and more effort will translate to specific results, and if they believe that the outcomes for doing a certain job is worth. Women lea ders are hence critical because they can communicate with employees and make this assurance that they can work even better and that their work is very important for achievement of long-term goals of the organization. Nothhouse suggest that such leadership can form in groups and it’s likely to breed trust between the manager and the employees. Transformational Leadership recognizes leadership as a process of growth whereby an individual used to be part of a group and growth to be the one influencing that group to meet a specific goal. In this case, it is important to have women leaders. That feminine contribution to management decision can turn university departments around. Specifically, women are likely to engage others in creation of a relationship that boosts the level of motivation and building of morality. Additionally they are likely to pay more attention to the employee’s needs and motivating factors and attempt to assist them to achieve their greatest potential s. Stuart, J. (1999). ‘The Position Of Women Staff At The University Of Western Australia: Some Reflections on the Outcomes and Process of Two Reviews of Gender Equity’, International Review of Women and Leadership, Vol. 5, No. 4, Pp. 46 – 56. In the year 1995, Western Australian University revised its position on the role and responsibility of women leaders amidst concerns that there was a very low representation of women in its management staff especially the top management team. The university was just performing like others with regard to the process of recruitment and strategies of retention of the female workers. There are several considerations that came about after the review. Currently, there is good progress and its quite evident overall. The university now recognizes gender issues in the higher education management team. There are also excellent policies that have been put in place and this confirms that the university is dedicated to bring about impro vement in the position of women in university leadership. Whereas the progress has been very clear, the implementation of the major improvement proposal has been in some way uneven across the university departments. Some department have set strategies that demonstrate good progress while other have no clear set of information flow and not indication of results. The challenge has been that the university departments have not adhered to the affirmative action requirement up to date. The faculties do not keep their documents on equity measures in a proper way. The accountability level is varied at all levels though the performance goals include objectives on equity of gender. Full support from management is still a challenge and qualifications into management position have to be revised. An assessment of two institutions of higher education (Harvard and Cambridge) At Harvard University, the executive board of the institution is referred to as the Harvard Corporation. In this regard, th e Harvard Corporation constitutes one of the two governing boards at the institution. The other board is referred to as Board of Overseers. At Harvard University, the academic leadership is organized around the various schools. For example, school of engineering. In this case, every department is headed by a dean, who heads a specific school. There are also area deans who reports to the dean of a school (Harvard University, 2010). The area deans are charged with the responsibility of addressing the academic issues that affects a proposed or existing academic concentration. The deans of the various academic programs manage cross-school programs, educational policy, and coordinating teaching. On the other hand, at Cambridge University, the Faculty constitutes part of a school in a given discipline. For example, the faculty of education at Cambridge University is under the Scholl of Social Sciences and Humanities. There are a total of six schools at Cambridge University and collectivel y, they are referred to as ‘councils of the schools’ (Cambridge University, 2010). They include biological sciences, arts and humanities, physical sciences, clinical medicine, technology, and humanities and social sciences. There are various faculties that are affiliated with the aforementioned schools. Conclusion The issue of underrepresentation of women has infiltrated leadership positions in higher education. This is because previously, an increasingly higher number of men occupy positions of leadership in universities and colleges, in comparison with their female counterparts. However, this trend appears to be changing in favor of women. The immediate problem that face women especially in leadership in higher learning is not so much that there is no attributes that are required by challenges that face institutions, nor that the organizations are less-equipped to react to the challenges, but rather that the style or input of leadership and further potential are still uncared for, under-acknowledged and inadequately integrated into the designs management of the universities. Reference List Bond, S. (2000). ‘Culture and Feminine Leadership’, in Women, Power and the Academy, ed. M. Kearney, UNESCO and Berghahn Books, New York, pp. 79 – 85. Harvard University. (2010). The President and Fellows of Harvard College. Retrieved from https://www.harvard.edu/ Hilary, W., et al. (2006) â€Å"Academic women’s promotions in Australian universities†, Employee Relations, 28(6): 505 – 522. Jacobs, D Witt, J. (2006). An Indigenous Perspective on Women Leadership: An Example for Higher Education, Advancing Women in Leadership Online Journal, Vol. 21 Jones, D.S. (2005). Leadership in Higher education: Influences on Perception of Black Women, Unpublished. Kulati, T. (2003). From Protest To Challenge: Leadership And Higher Education Change In South Africa, Tertiary Education and Management, 9(1): 13 – 27. Northouse, P .G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and Practice, Thousand Oaks, Ca: SAGE Publications. Ramsay, E. (2000). ‘Gender Employment Equity for Women in Australian Universities: Recent Research and Current Strategies’, In Second European Conference on Gender Equality in Higher Education, Zurich, pp. 1 – 17. Ramsay, E. (2001). ‘Women and Leadership in Higher Education: Facing International Challenges and Maximizing Opportunities’, ACU Bulletin, 14 – 17. Stuart, J. (1999). ‘The Position Of Women Staff At The University Of Western Australia: Some Reflections on the Outcomes and Process of Two Reviews of Gender Equity’, International Review of Women and Leadership, 5(4): 46 – 56. University of Cambridge. (2010). About the Schools, Faculties Departments. Retrieved from https://www.cam.ac.uk/ White, K. (2003). Women and leadership in higher education in Australia, Tertiary Education and Management, 9(1): 45 – 60. This research paper on The Female Leaders’ Obstacles to Gain Leadership positions in Universities was written and submitted by user Jayce Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.